TECHNICAL PROGRAMME | Energy Technologies – Future Pathways
Powering Mobility: The Energy Transition and the Future of Transportation
Forum 24 | Digital Poster Plaza 4
30
April
12:00
14:00
UTC+3
The energy transition is fundamentally changing the landscape of mobility, with a growing focus on reducing GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency in transportation. This session will examine the critical role of sustainable energy sources, electric vehicles, and alternative fuels in driving the future of mobility.
Experts will discuss the latest technologies, infrastructure developments, and policy frameworks that are shaping a new era of transportation, where energy and mobility intersect more closely than ever before.
Experts will discuss the latest technologies, infrastructure developments, and policy frameworks that are shaping a new era of transportation, where energy and mobility intersect more closely than ever before.
In the ever-evolving landscape of energy storage, the requirement for sustainable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has gained unprecedented urgency. Against the backdrop of depleting lithium reserves and growing trade constraints, this research explores a pivotal advancement in sodium-ion battery (SIB) technology—a cost-effective, environmentally conscious solution poised to redefine energy storage and contribute significantly to the global shift toward net-zero emissions [1]. As a future transportation initiative, this work elucidates the development of high-voltage, fast charging-cathode materials for SIBs, emphasizing their potential to propel indigenous energy storage technology globally, while fostering the requirement to accommodate stationery energy storage applications.
SIBs, with abundant sodium resources available worldwide, is currently growing as a competitor for lithium-ion technology. Our research spotlights large scale (kg batch) synthesis of sodium vanadium based fluorophosphates (NVPFX), a high-voltage (3.8 V average) cathode material synthesized through an environmentally neutral, single step annealing less process. This uniquely engineered material has remarkable energy density, reaching an impressive 350+ Wh/kg in half-cell configuration, a performance that positions them as formidable contenders to LIBs. This high energy density unlocks the doors to a myriad of efficient applications across industries, while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A pivotal performance metric in the energy storage arena, cycling stability, stands testament to the robustness of NVPFX-based SIBs. With over 3000 cycles achieved and a capacity retention rate exceeding 85%, these batteries are primed for real-world applications, promising longevity and reliability. Moreover, these SIBs exhibit an exceptional charge capability while preserving deliverable capacity, rendering them ideal candidates for rapid-charging scenarios. This characteristic enhances user convenience and practicality in diverse applications while aligning with net-zero emissions targets.
A further significant achievement in this research is the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into NVPFX, further amplifying its rate capability retention during swift charging and discharging. The CNT were developed via a carbon neutral synthesis technique which further contributing to the reduction of carbon footprint and hastening the transition to a net-zero emissions future. Even under the compulsion of a 6-minute rapid charge, these SIBs deliver a commendable capacity (80% of practical capacity). In short, this innovative development of high-voltage cathode materials for SIBs not only solves issues with lithium-ion batteries but also powers future of transportation via affordable sodium-ion battery technology.
Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46, 3529-3614
SIBs, with abundant sodium resources available worldwide, is currently growing as a competitor for lithium-ion technology. Our research spotlights large scale (kg batch) synthesis of sodium vanadium based fluorophosphates (NVPFX), a high-voltage (3.8 V average) cathode material synthesized through an environmentally neutral, single step annealing less process. This uniquely engineered material has remarkable energy density, reaching an impressive 350+ Wh/kg in half-cell configuration, a performance that positions them as formidable contenders to LIBs. This high energy density unlocks the doors to a myriad of efficient applications across industries, while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A pivotal performance metric in the energy storage arena, cycling stability, stands testament to the robustness of NVPFX-based SIBs. With over 3000 cycles achieved and a capacity retention rate exceeding 85%, these batteries are primed for real-world applications, promising longevity and reliability. Moreover, these SIBs exhibit an exceptional charge capability while preserving deliverable capacity, rendering them ideal candidates for rapid-charging scenarios. This characteristic enhances user convenience and practicality in diverse applications while aligning with net-zero emissions targets.
A further significant achievement in this research is the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into NVPFX, further amplifying its rate capability retention during swift charging and discharging. The CNT were developed via a carbon neutral synthesis technique which further contributing to the reduction of carbon footprint and hastening the transition to a net-zero emissions future. Even under the compulsion of a 6-minute rapid charge, these SIBs deliver a commendable capacity (80% of practical capacity). In short, this innovative development of high-voltage cathode materials for SIBs not only solves issues with lithium-ion batteries but also powers future of transportation via affordable sodium-ion battery technology.
Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46, 3529-3614
This study introduces a novel and sustainable rail transportation system powered by supercapacitor-based energy storage, charged via a centralized solar carport system installed at the train’s main parking station. The proposed design has been evaluated through a detailed techno-economic analysis and applied to a case study involving a supercapacitor-powered passenger train (SC-Train) that connects King Fahd International Airport to five major cities across the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
The primary objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact from the national transportation sector by replacing conventional fuel-based travel with a clean, electric-powered alternative. The system integrates a solar carport, which is engineered to generate sufficient energy to meet the train’s total operational demand, eliminating the need for grid-based electricity and enabling carbon-free operation.
A key part of the project is the utilization of supercapacitors as the energy storage medium. Supercapacitors provide high power density, fast charging capabilities, and long service life, making them well-suited for frequent, short-distance routes. Moreover, the train employs a regenerative braking system that captures and reuses kinetic energy, resulting in energy savings equivalent to 44.9% of the total energy consumption.
In addition to the environmental benefits, the SC-Train is designed to ensure efficient travel times and optimum passenger capacity. Hence, offering a reliable and rapid mode of intercity transportation, the system is expected to significantly shorten travel time, reduce traffic congestion, and contribute to lowering traffic-related accidents.
Finally, a benefit–cost analysis of the project was conducted over 30 years, confirming the economic viability of the designed system and yielding a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 367 million. To sum it up, the project demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy and advanced energy storage into rail transport, since it offers a scalable model for sustainable mobility in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia.
Co-author/s:
Bandar Alqahtani, Head of Regulatory & Policy Group, Saudi Aramco.
Abdulhadi Alajmi, Electrical Maintenance Specialist, Saline Water Conversion Corporation.
The primary objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact from the national transportation sector by replacing conventional fuel-based travel with a clean, electric-powered alternative. The system integrates a solar carport, which is engineered to generate sufficient energy to meet the train’s total operational demand, eliminating the need for grid-based electricity and enabling carbon-free operation.
A key part of the project is the utilization of supercapacitors as the energy storage medium. Supercapacitors provide high power density, fast charging capabilities, and long service life, making them well-suited for frequent, short-distance routes. Moreover, the train employs a regenerative braking system that captures and reuses kinetic energy, resulting in energy savings equivalent to 44.9% of the total energy consumption.
In addition to the environmental benefits, the SC-Train is designed to ensure efficient travel times and optimum passenger capacity. Hence, offering a reliable and rapid mode of intercity transportation, the system is expected to significantly shorten travel time, reduce traffic congestion, and contribute to lowering traffic-related accidents.
Finally, a benefit–cost analysis of the project was conducted over 30 years, confirming the economic viability of the designed system and yielding a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 367 million. To sum it up, the project demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy and advanced energy storage into rail transport, since it offers a scalable model for sustainable mobility in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia.
Co-author/s:
Bandar Alqahtani, Head of Regulatory & Policy Group, Saudi Aramco.
Abdulhadi Alajmi, Electrical Maintenance Specialist, Saline Water Conversion Corporation.
India is committed towards the net zero emissions targets by 2070 and further, India is to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by more than 45 percent by 2030. Transportation accounts for around a quarter of global energy related CO2 emissions, while 70 percent of the direct transport emissions come from on-road vehicles which is cars, trucks, buses, two & three wheelers excluding the railways or the other mobility such as shipping / aviation. Use of alternative energy sources for transport sector either in the form of a replacement i.e., electric vehicles (EVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), or directly to IC (internal combustion) engine, the gap is still less because of the lower capital cost for on-road / off road IC based mobility options. The road transport is going to offer the biggest advantage in terms of cost reduction and that would be the trigger for scaling up of alternative fuel options rapidly for the country like India. Recently India has ventured in market with variety of fuel option for transport sectors like battery electric vehicles, ethanol blended gasoline, CNG (compresses natural gas), LNG (liquified natural gas), hydrogen fuel cell and hydrogen in internal combustion engine. There are three (03) critical evaluation parameters or factors which are identified for commercial adoption, termed as total cost of ownership (TCO) / net energy ratio (NER), infrastructure readiness, and emissions reduction. The present work has highlighted the evaluation parameters of various fuel technologies which are either matured (diesel / gasoline / CNG) or being under research, development, demonstration in India through various flagship & mission (LNG / H2ICE / HFCEVs). The comparative analysis of different alternate fuel powertrains for sustainability & future mobility options in India for heavy duty vehicle is based on the critical findings assessed from the experimental and market / government database tabulated against each fuel technology. The output parameters like TCO / NER and infrastructure readiness were provided from the market resources & government database while the emission output for each fuel technology was tabulated from the experimental results conducted in house with help of suitable test facilities. The weighing factor is provided to each output parameter for decisive & conclusive analysis. The present paper is highlighting the importance of multi-energy strategies with specific pathways for heavy duty vehicle segment, recognizing that different type of alternate fuel sources may require distinct technological solutions. Additionally, it may be concluded from the study that apart from the emission reduction strategies, the policy makers will also have to look upon reviving the key customer centric points which will be the enablers for adoption of alternative fuel towards the fulfilment of net zero goals of the country.
Saudi Arabia’s land transport sector plays a key role in the country’s energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study uses GCAM-KSA—a customized version of the Global Change Assessment Model—to analyze future trends in energy consumption and emissions in Saudi Arabia's land transport system through 2060. The analysis examines three policy scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Current Ambition (CA), and Accelerated Emissions Reduction (AER), to assess the long-term effects of different policy levels.
The BAU scenario reflects a continuation of current trends, including limited modal shifts, ongoing fuel economy standards, and energy price reforms until 2025. In this pathway, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles continue to dominate both passenger and freight transport, resulting in only marginal changes in fuel demand and CO₂ emissions. The CA scenario includes incremental policy improvements, such as modest modal shifts (a 20% increase by 2060), targeted clean vehicle penetration (8% of new national vehicle sales by 2030), and partial electrification. While this leads to some efficiency gains and emissions reductions, the overall trajectory remains insufficient to meet deep decarbonization goals.
The AER scenario outlines a transformative policy framework that encompasses bold measures, including the complete deregulation of fuel prices by 2030, the introduction of a program to phase out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the acceleration of clean-emission vehicle (CEV) adoption, and the expansion of public transit infrastructure. These measures are expected to lead to a significant modal shift (30% by 2060) towards rail and buses, along with widespread electrification of both light- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, and the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. As a result, passenger and freight transport systems under AER show an almost complete shift to low-carbon technologies and modes, resulting in a reduction of tailpipe CO₂ emissions to just 29 MtCO₂ by 2060, approximately an 80% decrease from 2020 levels.
The study also considers upstream (well-to-tank) emissions, showing that while the AER pathway initially sees an increase in these emissions due to the use of fossil-intensive electricity, they decrease significantly by 2060 through grid decarbonization and the adoption of clean hydrogen. This well-to-wheel analysis underscores the importance of coordinated reforms in transport and energy systems.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that policy ambition is the most important factor in Saudi Arabia’s ability to achieve its Vision 2030 and net-zero 2060 goals. The AER scenario underscores the extensive systemic changes required, emphasizing the importance of coordinated investments in clean technologies, public transportation, behavioral changes, and institutional reforms. These insights are relevant not only to Saudi Arabia but also provide valuable guidance for other economies working toward sustainable mobility.
The BAU scenario reflects a continuation of current trends, including limited modal shifts, ongoing fuel economy standards, and energy price reforms until 2025. In this pathway, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles continue to dominate both passenger and freight transport, resulting in only marginal changes in fuel demand and CO₂ emissions. The CA scenario includes incremental policy improvements, such as modest modal shifts (a 20% increase by 2060), targeted clean vehicle penetration (8% of new national vehicle sales by 2030), and partial electrification. While this leads to some efficiency gains and emissions reductions, the overall trajectory remains insufficient to meet deep decarbonization goals.
The AER scenario outlines a transformative policy framework that encompasses bold measures, including the complete deregulation of fuel prices by 2030, the introduction of a program to phase out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the acceleration of clean-emission vehicle (CEV) adoption, and the expansion of public transit infrastructure. These measures are expected to lead to a significant modal shift (30% by 2060) towards rail and buses, along with widespread electrification of both light- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, and the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. As a result, passenger and freight transport systems under AER show an almost complete shift to low-carbon technologies and modes, resulting in a reduction of tailpipe CO₂ emissions to just 29 MtCO₂ by 2060, approximately an 80% decrease from 2020 levels.
The study also considers upstream (well-to-tank) emissions, showing that while the AER pathway initially sees an increase in these emissions due to the use of fossil-intensive electricity, they decrease significantly by 2060 through grid decarbonization and the adoption of clean hydrogen. This well-to-wheel analysis underscores the importance of coordinated reforms in transport and energy systems.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that policy ambition is the most important factor in Saudi Arabia’s ability to achieve its Vision 2030 and net-zero 2060 goals. The AER scenario underscores the extensive systemic changes required, emphasizing the importance of coordinated investments in clean technologies, public transportation, behavioral changes, and institutional reforms. These insights are relevant not only to Saudi Arabia but also provide valuable guidance for other economies working toward sustainable mobility.
The global energy transition is reshaping the way we move, placing sustainability, resilience, and innovation at the heart of transportation systems. As nations pursue aggressive decarbonization goals, the transport sector—traditionally a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions—is undergoing a fundamental transformation. Electric vehicles, renewable fuels, and smart infrastructure are emerging as critical enablers of this change. However, in regions where electrification is logistically or economically unviable, particularly in remote or far-flung areas, alternative pathways must be explored to ensure inclusive and sustainable mobility.
This session presents a futuristic and pragmatic concept: the reimagining of steam locomotion through modern, clean energy solutions. By utilizing biomass pellets, biogas, and green hydrogen—produced from biomass and biogas—as primary energy sources, steam engines can be revitalized as a viable and environmentally responsible mode of transportation in non-electrified regions. Unlike conventional steam technology, this next-generation system is designed for high thermal efficiency, low emissions, and operational adaptability.
Central to this model is the integration of solar energy for powering hydrogen generation and biogas compression units. Distributed renewable energy systems enable the production of green hydrogen and compressed biogas (CBG) locally, reducing reliance on centralized power grids. At strategic stops along the railway network, these fuels can be loaded onto trains via modular refueling infrastructure, minimizing downtime while supporting energy autonomy.
This innovative approach not only revives a proven mechanical platform—the steam engine—but also aligns with circular economy principles, using agricultural waste and organic residues to generate fuel. It offers a sustainable alternative to diesel locomotives and reduces dependency on complex and costly electrification projects.
The session will feature insights into the technology readiness of biomass-based fuels and hydrogen systems, policy mechanisms needed to support decentralized renewable energy production, and the design of modular, green refueling stations along rail corridors. Experts will also discuss case studies and modeling data that support the feasibility and scalability of such a solution.
By bridging historic mechanical ingenuity with modern clean energy strategies, this concept underscores how energy and mobility can intersect in novel ways to deliver inclusive, reliable, and sustainable transportation—especially in the last-mile and remote regions. As the world transitions to low-carbon systems, rethinking mobility through the lens of localized, renewable-driven innovation will be key to building a truly sustainable future.
This session presents a futuristic and pragmatic concept: the reimagining of steam locomotion through modern, clean energy solutions. By utilizing biomass pellets, biogas, and green hydrogen—produced from biomass and biogas—as primary energy sources, steam engines can be revitalized as a viable and environmentally responsible mode of transportation in non-electrified regions. Unlike conventional steam technology, this next-generation system is designed for high thermal efficiency, low emissions, and operational adaptability.
Central to this model is the integration of solar energy for powering hydrogen generation and biogas compression units. Distributed renewable energy systems enable the production of green hydrogen and compressed biogas (CBG) locally, reducing reliance on centralized power grids. At strategic stops along the railway network, these fuels can be loaded onto trains via modular refueling infrastructure, minimizing downtime while supporting energy autonomy.
This innovative approach not only revives a proven mechanical platform—the steam engine—but also aligns with circular economy principles, using agricultural waste and organic residues to generate fuel. It offers a sustainable alternative to diesel locomotives and reduces dependency on complex and costly electrification projects.
The session will feature insights into the technology readiness of biomass-based fuels and hydrogen systems, policy mechanisms needed to support decentralized renewable energy production, and the design of modular, green refueling stations along rail corridors. Experts will also discuss case studies and modeling data that support the feasibility and scalability of such a solution.
By bridging historic mechanical ingenuity with modern clean energy strategies, this concept underscores how energy and mobility can intersect in novel ways to deliver inclusive, reliable, and sustainable transportation—especially in the last-mile and remote regions. As the world transitions to low-carbon systems, rethinking mobility through the lens of localized, renewable-driven innovation will be key to building a truly sustainable future.
Energy is a primary need of global economy, and its demand is a significant indicator of expansion and growth of the economy. Energy systems have evolved over time due to technical ad-vancements, environmental concerns and cost apprehensions. Although fossil fuels still remain a major source of energy supply, significant strides have been made into new innovative and high-performance energy storage technologies. The focus has always been on improving the performance of the energy systems using novel Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is considered an im-portant choice. The CNTs are made using our proprietary novel process conditions employing highly active nano catalyst and low value refinery feed streams, by exploiting the advantage of invariably available intrinsic heteroatom molecules in the feedstock. The process is economical-ly attractive and easily scalable as it leads to highest CNT yields per quantity of the catalyst. CNTs made from our unique process displays robust mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. These properties make them integral part of energy storage domain. Presently, CNTs have been employed extensively for use in supercapacitors and batteries devices employed across a spectrum of applications requiring both high power and high energy outputs. Applications of CNTs in various battery chemistry were explored. CNTs in dispersed and dry state were used to compare the performance with control lead acid battery & Li-ion chemistry. Further functionalized CNTs were also tested to understand the impact of CNT functionalization in lead acid & Li-ion battery. Significant improvements were observed in the battery performance in terms of charge acceptance, high-rate discharge and cycle life. Additionally, CNTs were used in the Air-electrode of Aluminum & Zn-air battery and performance was compared with conventional carbon black based Air electrodes. Various parameters such as discharge voltage, current density and specific energy were compared. In summary, applications of CNTs extensively explored in various energy storage systems and its effect on performance is studied. Further, the benefits and cost analysis by CNTs addition carried out with feasibility at large scale applications is explored.
The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) represents a promising pathway to integrate hydrogen into the transport sector by utilizing existing internal combustion engine (ICE) infrastructure, offering a practical and cost-effective solution for transitioning to hydrogen-based technologies. Hydrogen’s unique properties, such as its zero-carbon nature and fast combustion rate, make it an attractive fuel option. However, realizing its full potential requires addressing several technical challenges.
This presentation will discuss the prospects of H2ICE as a bridging solution, beginning with the benefits of hydrogen as a fuel and its compatibility with established ICE platforms. Key technical challenges will be highlighted, starting with the design of the gaseous fuel injection system, including the optimization of injection pressures to achieve efficient and stable combustion. The phenomenon of pre-ignition and its impact on abnormal combustion, such as knocking, will also be explored, along with potential mitigation strategies.
Additionally, the absence of hydrogen's lubricating properties introduces durability concerns, compounded by the significant production of water during combustion, which can dilute conventional lubricants. These challenges necessitate the development of new lubricant formulations designed for H2ICE applications. Finally, the presentation will address the importance of advanced aftertreatment systems to manage NOx emissions, ensuring compatibility with regulatory and environmental requirements.
By tackling these challenges, the H2ICE offers a practical approach to fostering hydrogen use in transport, bridging the gap to more widespread hydrogen adoption while leveraging the familiarity and scalability of existing ICE technologies.
This presentation will discuss the prospects of H2ICE as a bridging solution, beginning with the benefits of hydrogen as a fuel and its compatibility with established ICE platforms. Key technical challenges will be highlighted, starting with the design of the gaseous fuel injection system, including the optimization of injection pressures to achieve efficient and stable combustion. The phenomenon of pre-ignition and its impact on abnormal combustion, such as knocking, will also be explored, along with potential mitigation strategies.
Additionally, the absence of hydrogen's lubricating properties introduces durability concerns, compounded by the significant production of water during combustion, which can dilute conventional lubricants. These challenges necessitate the development of new lubricant formulations designed for H2ICE applications. Finally, the presentation will address the importance of advanced aftertreatment systems to manage NOx emissions, ensuring compatibility with regulatory and environmental requirements.
By tackling these challenges, the H2ICE offers a practical approach to fostering hydrogen use in transport, bridging the gap to more widespread hydrogen adoption while leveraging the familiarity and scalability of existing ICE technologies.
Li-air battery commercialization hinges on the development of a cost-effective and efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst and cycling stability. This work discussing about the role of Co nanoparticle, Pyrollytic N and Oxygen vacancy on the catalytic activity of Co/Co3O4/nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The performance of Co/Co3O4@NC (CCONC) as a cathode in nonaqueous Li-air battery was exhibited a high discharge capacity of 4228 mA h g-1 at a high current density of 100 mA g-1 with passable cycling stability as well as Columbic efficiency. However, the electrolyte evaporation and moisture uptake primarily hinders their practical applications. Thus, we demonstrate the development of cost-effective hybrid systems offers an alternative approach to extending the life span of Li-air batteries by reducing the clogging effect and also help to reduce the potential safety hazard of flammable electrolytes. The hybrid Li-air battery shows the capacity retention of 89%, which is much higher than that of the non-aqueous Li-air battery (80%) even after 100 cycles. For a practical demonstration, a Li-Air pouch cell was fabricated using the CCONC electrocatalyst, demostrated by powering decorating LEDs.
Co-author/s:
Dr. Firoz Khan, Research Scientist, KFUPM.
Dr. Perumal Elumalai, Professor, Pondicherry University.
Co-author/s:
Dr. Firoz Khan, Research Scientist, KFUPM.
Dr. Perumal Elumalai, Professor, Pondicherry University.
This study introduces a green and scalable method to fabricate a novel electrode and solid-state electrolytes using Date seeds biomass and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) waste -derived activated carbon. The Date seeds biomass substrate offers biodegradability, porosity, and mechanical flexibility, while the Date seeds biomass and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) activated carbon enhance redox activity and surface area. Electrochemical characterization showed distinct redox peaks and excellent pseudocapacitive behavior. The supercapacitors fabricated with Date seeds had excellent electrochemical performance of specific capacitance 315 F/g. Moreover, This sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 10.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C . This research demonstrates that Date seeds and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes are a promising, low-cost, and eco-friendly electrode material for flexible supercapacitor applications, contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions and aligning with global environmental goals. Integrating supercapacitor into electrical system is a simple and cost-effective way to reduce your electricity bill. By correcting the power factor, stabilizing the voltage, and enabling energy storage, capacitors can make a significant impact on your electricity consumption and costs.Production of electric cars and vehicles that can be charged in 8 minutes using a supercapacitor instead of a lithium battery.
Co-author/s:
Khalid Batoo, Professor, King Abdullah Institute For Nanotechnology, King Saud University.
Co-author/s:
Khalid Batoo, Professor, King Abdullah Institute For Nanotechnology, King Saud University.
In recent years, power systems have undergone significant transformations owing to the increased integration of information and communication technologies. Consequently, the power network is now regarded as a highly interconnected cyber-physical infrastructure. Furthermore, the grid's vulnerability to extreme natural and anthropogenic events has emerged as a critical area of research, driven by the rising frequency of such occurrences and their devastating impacts. Mobile Energy Resources (MERs), including energy storage and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) electric vehicles, possess the capability to enhance the restoration process and bolster resiliency. This study proposes a Markov-based platform designed to model and assess the resiliency of cyber-physical power systems, incorporating MER while accounting for major physical and cyber incidents. The proposed algorithm is optimized to circumvent scalability challenges associated with larger systems, and the IEEE-14 bus system is utilized to illustrate the framework.
Kenichi Okamoto
Vice Chair
Director
Japan Petroleum & Carbon Neutral Fuels Energy Center
Mussab Aleraij
Speaker
Chief Industrial Engineer
Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources
This study introduces a novel and sustainable rail transportation system powered by supercapacitor-based energy storage, charged via a centralized solar carport system installed at the train’s main parking station. The proposed design has been evaluated through a detailed techno-economic analysis and applied to a case study involving a supercapacitor-powered passenger train (SC-Train) that connects King Fahd International Airport to five major cities across the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
The primary objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact from the national transportation sector by replacing conventional fuel-based travel with a clean, electric-powered alternative. The system integrates a solar carport, which is engineered to generate sufficient energy to meet the train’s total operational demand, eliminating the need for grid-based electricity and enabling carbon-free operation.
A key part of the project is the utilization of supercapacitors as the energy storage medium. Supercapacitors provide high power density, fast charging capabilities, and long service life, making them well-suited for frequent, short-distance routes. Moreover, the train employs a regenerative braking system that captures and reuses kinetic energy, resulting in energy savings equivalent to 44.9% of the total energy consumption.
In addition to the environmental benefits, the SC-Train is designed to ensure efficient travel times and optimum passenger capacity. Hence, offering a reliable and rapid mode of intercity transportation, the system is expected to significantly shorten travel time, reduce traffic congestion, and contribute to lowering traffic-related accidents.
Finally, a benefit–cost analysis of the project was conducted over 30 years, confirming the economic viability of the designed system and yielding a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 367 million. To sum it up, the project demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy and advanced energy storage into rail transport, since it offers a scalable model for sustainable mobility in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia.
Co-author/s:
Bandar Alqahtani, Head of Regulatory & Policy Group, Saudi Aramco.
Abdulhadi Alajmi, Electrical Maintenance Specialist, Saline Water Conversion Corporation.
The primary objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact from the national transportation sector by replacing conventional fuel-based travel with a clean, electric-powered alternative. The system integrates a solar carport, which is engineered to generate sufficient energy to meet the train’s total operational demand, eliminating the need for grid-based electricity and enabling carbon-free operation.
A key part of the project is the utilization of supercapacitors as the energy storage medium. Supercapacitors provide high power density, fast charging capabilities, and long service life, making them well-suited for frequent, short-distance routes. Moreover, the train employs a regenerative braking system that captures and reuses kinetic energy, resulting in energy savings equivalent to 44.9% of the total energy consumption.
In addition to the environmental benefits, the SC-Train is designed to ensure efficient travel times and optimum passenger capacity. Hence, offering a reliable and rapid mode of intercity transportation, the system is expected to significantly shorten travel time, reduce traffic congestion, and contribute to lowering traffic-related accidents.
Finally, a benefit–cost analysis of the project was conducted over 30 years, confirming the economic viability of the designed system and yielding a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 367 million. To sum it up, the project demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy and advanced energy storage into rail transport, since it offers a scalable model for sustainable mobility in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia.
Co-author/s:
Bandar Alqahtani, Head of Regulatory & Policy Group, Saudi Aramco.
Abdulhadi Alajmi, Electrical Maintenance Specialist, Saline Water Conversion Corporation.
Mohammad AlMuhaini
Speaker
Associate Professor
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
In recent years, power systems have undergone significant transformations owing to the increased integration of information and communication technologies. Consequently, the power network is now regarded as a highly interconnected cyber-physical infrastructure. Furthermore, the grid's vulnerability to extreme natural and anthropogenic events has emerged as a critical area of research, driven by the rising frequency of such occurrences and their devastating impacts. Mobile Energy Resources (MERs), including energy storage and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) electric vehicles, possess the capability to enhance the restoration process and bolster resiliency. This study proposes a Markov-based platform designed to model and assess the resiliency of cyber-physical power systems, incorporating MER while accounting for major physical and cyber incidents. The proposed algorithm is optimized to circumvent scalability challenges associated with larger systems, and the IEEE-14 bus system is utilized to illustrate the framework.
The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) represents a promising pathway to integrate hydrogen into the transport sector by utilizing existing internal combustion engine (ICE) infrastructure, offering a practical and cost-effective solution for transitioning to hydrogen-based technologies. Hydrogen’s unique properties, such as its zero-carbon nature and fast combustion rate, make it an attractive fuel option. However, realizing its full potential requires addressing several technical challenges.
This presentation will discuss the prospects of H2ICE as a bridging solution, beginning with the benefits of hydrogen as a fuel and its compatibility with established ICE platforms. Key technical challenges will be highlighted, starting with the design of the gaseous fuel injection system, including the optimization of injection pressures to achieve efficient and stable combustion. The phenomenon of pre-ignition and its impact on abnormal combustion, such as knocking, will also be explored, along with potential mitigation strategies.
Additionally, the absence of hydrogen's lubricating properties introduces durability concerns, compounded by the significant production of water during combustion, which can dilute conventional lubricants. These challenges necessitate the development of new lubricant formulations designed for H2ICE applications. Finally, the presentation will address the importance of advanced aftertreatment systems to manage NOx emissions, ensuring compatibility with regulatory and environmental requirements.
By tackling these challenges, the H2ICE offers a practical approach to fostering hydrogen use in transport, bridging the gap to more widespread hydrogen adoption while leveraging the familiarity and scalability of existing ICE technologies.
This presentation will discuss the prospects of H2ICE as a bridging solution, beginning with the benefits of hydrogen as a fuel and its compatibility with established ICE platforms. Key technical challenges will be highlighted, starting with the design of the gaseous fuel injection system, including the optimization of injection pressures to achieve efficient and stable combustion. The phenomenon of pre-ignition and its impact on abnormal combustion, such as knocking, will also be explored, along with potential mitigation strategies.
Additionally, the absence of hydrogen's lubricating properties introduces durability concerns, compounded by the significant production of water during combustion, which can dilute conventional lubricants. These challenges necessitate the development of new lubricant formulations designed for H2ICE applications. Finally, the presentation will address the importance of advanced aftertreatment systems to manage NOx emissions, ensuring compatibility with regulatory and environmental requirements.
By tackling these challenges, the H2ICE offers a practical approach to fostering hydrogen use in transport, bridging the gap to more widespread hydrogen adoption while leveraging the familiarity and scalability of existing ICE technologies.
This study introduces a green and scalable method to fabricate a novel electrode and solid-state electrolytes using Date seeds biomass and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) waste -derived activated carbon. The Date seeds biomass substrate offers biodegradability, porosity, and mechanical flexibility, while the Date seeds biomass and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) activated carbon enhance redox activity and surface area. Electrochemical characterization showed distinct redox peaks and excellent pseudocapacitive behavior. The supercapacitors fabricated with Date seeds had excellent electrochemical performance of specific capacitance 315 F/g. Moreover, This sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 10.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C . This research demonstrates that Date seeds and Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes are a promising, low-cost, and eco-friendly electrode material for flexible supercapacitor applications, contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions and aligning with global environmental goals. Integrating supercapacitor into electrical system is a simple and cost-effective way to reduce your electricity bill. By correcting the power factor, stabilizing the voltage, and enabling energy storage, capacitors can make a significant impact on your electricity consumption and costs.Production of electric cars and vehicles that can be charged in 8 minutes using a supercapacitor instead of a lithium battery.
Co-author/s:
Khalid Batoo, Professor, King Abdullah Institute For Nanotechnology, King Saud University.
Co-author/s:
Khalid Batoo, Professor, King Abdullah Institute For Nanotechnology, King Saud University.
Yagyavalk Bhatt
Speaker
Fellow
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC)
Saudi Arabia’s land transport sector plays a key role in the country’s energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study uses GCAM-KSA—a customized version of the Global Change Assessment Model—to analyze future trends in energy consumption and emissions in Saudi Arabia's land transport system through 2060. The analysis examines three policy scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Current Ambition (CA), and Accelerated Emissions Reduction (AER), to assess the long-term effects of different policy levels.
The BAU scenario reflects a continuation of current trends, including limited modal shifts, ongoing fuel economy standards, and energy price reforms until 2025. In this pathway, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles continue to dominate both passenger and freight transport, resulting in only marginal changes in fuel demand and CO₂ emissions. The CA scenario includes incremental policy improvements, such as modest modal shifts (a 20% increase by 2060), targeted clean vehicle penetration (8% of new national vehicle sales by 2030), and partial electrification. While this leads to some efficiency gains and emissions reductions, the overall trajectory remains insufficient to meet deep decarbonization goals.
The AER scenario outlines a transformative policy framework that encompasses bold measures, including the complete deregulation of fuel prices by 2030, the introduction of a program to phase out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the acceleration of clean-emission vehicle (CEV) adoption, and the expansion of public transit infrastructure. These measures are expected to lead to a significant modal shift (30% by 2060) towards rail and buses, along with widespread electrification of both light- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, and the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. As a result, passenger and freight transport systems under AER show an almost complete shift to low-carbon technologies and modes, resulting in a reduction of tailpipe CO₂ emissions to just 29 MtCO₂ by 2060, approximately an 80% decrease from 2020 levels.
The study also considers upstream (well-to-tank) emissions, showing that while the AER pathway initially sees an increase in these emissions due to the use of fossil-intensive electricity, they decrease significantly by 2060 through grid decarbonization and the adoption of clean hydrogen. This well-to-wheel analysis underscores the importance of coordinated reforms in transport and energy systems.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that policy ambition is the most important factor in Saudi Arabia’s ability to achieve its Vision 2030 and net-zero 2060 goals. The AER scenario underscores the extensive systemic changes required, emphasizing the importance of coordinated investments in clean technologies, public transportation, behavioral changes, and institutional reforms. These insights are relevant not only to Saudi Arabia but also provide valuable guidance for other economies working toward sustainable mobility.
The BAU scenario reflects a continuation of current trends, including limited modal shifts, ongoing fuel economy standards, and energy price reforms until 2025. In this pathway, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles continue to dominate both passenger and freight transport, resulting in only marginal changes in fuel demand and CO₂ emissions. The CA scenario includes incremental policy improvements, such as modest modal shifts (a 20% increase by 2060), targeted clean vehicle penetration (8% of new national vehicle sales by 2030), and partial electrification. While this leads to some efficiency gains and emissions reductions, the overall trajectory remains insufficient to meet deep decarbonization goals.
The AER scenario outlines a transformative policy framework that encompasses bold measures, including the complete deregulation of fuel prices by 2030, the introduction of a program to phase out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the acceleration of clean-emission vehicle (CEV) adoption, and the expansion of public transit infrastructure. These measures are expected to lead to a significant modal shift (30% by 2060) towards rail and buses, along with widespread electrification of both light- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, and the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. As a result, passenger and freight transport systems under AER show an almost complete shift to low-carbon technologies and modes, resulting in a reduction of tailpipe CO₂ emissions to just 29 MtCO₂ by 2060, approximately an 80% decrease from 2020 levels.
The study also considers upstream (well-to-tank) emissions, showing that while the AER pathway initially sees an increase in these emissions due to the use of fossil-intensive electricity, they decrease significantly by 2060 through grid decarbonization and the adoption of clean hydrogen. This well-to-wheel analysis underscores the importance of coordinated reforms in transport and energy systems.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that policy ambition is the most important factor in Saudi Arabia’s ability to achieve its Vision 2030 and net-zero 2060 goals. The AER scenario underscores the extensive systemic changes required, emphasizing the importance of coordinated investments in clean technologies, public transportation, behavioral changes, and institutional reforms. These insights are relevant not only to Saudi Arabia but also provide valuable guidance for other economies working toward sustainable mobility.
In the ever-evolving landscape of energy storage, the requirement for sustainable alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has gained unprecedented urgency. Against the backdrop of depleting lithium reserves and growing trade constraints, this research explores a pivotal advancement in sodium-ion battery (SIB) technology—a cost-effective, environmentally conscious solution poised to redefine energy storage and contribute significantly to the global shift toward net-zero emissions [1]. As a future transportation initiative, this work elucidates the development of high-voltage, fast charging-cathode materials for SIBs, emphasizing their potential to propel indigenous energy storage technology globally, while fostering the requirement to accommodate stationery energy storage applications.
SIBs, with abundant sodium resources available worldwide, is currently growing as a competitor for lithium-ion technology. Our research spotlights large scale (kg batch) synthesis of sodium vanadium based fluorophosphates (NVPFX), a high-voltage (3.8 V average) cathode material synthesized through an environmentally neutral, single step annealing less process. This uniquely engineered material has remarkable energy density, reaching an impressive 350+ Wh/kg in half-cell configuration, a performance that positions them as formidable contenders to LIBs. This high energy density unlocks the doors to a myriad of efficient applications across industries, while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A pivotal performance metric in the energy storage arena, cycling stability, stands testament to the robustness of NVPFX-based SIBs. With over 3000 cycles achieved and a capacity retention rate exceeding 85%, these batteries are primed for real-world applications, promising longevity and reliability. Moreover, these SIBs exhibit an exceptional charge capability while preserving deliverable capacity, rendering them ideal candidates for rapid-charging scenarios. This characteristic enhances user convenience and practicality in diverse applications while aligning with net-zero emissions targets.
A further significant achievement in this research is the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into NVPFX, further amplifying its rate capability retention during swift charging and discharging. The CNT were developed via a carbon neutral synthesis technique which further contributing to the reduction of carbon footprint and hastening the transition to a net-zero emissions future. Even under the compulsion of a 6-minute rapid charge, these SIBs deliver a commendable capacity (80% of practical capacity). In short, this innovative development of high-voltage cathode materials for SIBs not only solves issues with lithium-ion batteries but also powers future of transportation via affordable sodium-ion battery technology.
Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46, 3529-3614
SIBs, with abundant sodium resources available worldwide, is currently growing as a competitor for lithium-ion technology. Our research spotlights large scale (kg batch) synthesis of sodium vanadium based fluorophosphates (NVPFX), a high-voltage (3.8 V average) cathode material synthesized through an environmentally neutral, single step annealing less process. This uniquely engineered material has remarkable energy density, reaching an impressive 350+ Wh/kg in half-cell configuration, a performance that positions them as formidable contenders to LIBs. This high energy density unlocks the doors to a myriad of efficient applications across industries, while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A pivotal performance metric in the energy storage arena, cycling stability, stands testament to the robustness of NVPFX-based SIBs. With over 3000 cycles achieved and a capacity retention rate exceeding 85%, these batteries are primed for real-world applications, promising longevity and reliability. Moreover, these SIBs exhibit an exceptional charge capability while preserving deliverable capacity, rendering them ideal candidates for rapid-charging scenarios. This characteristic enhances user convenience and practicality in diverse applications while aligning with net-zero emissions targets.
A further significant achievement in this research is the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into NVPFX, further amplifying its rate capability retention during swift charging and discharging. The CNT were developed via a carbon neutral synthesis technique which further contributing to the reduction of carbon footprint and hastening the transition to a net-zero emissions future. Even under the compulsion of a 6-minute rapid charge, these SIBs deliver a commendable capacity (80% of practical capacity). In short, this innovative development of high-voltage cathode materials for SIBs not only solves issues with lithium-ion batteries but also powers future of transportation via affordable sodium-ion battery technology.
Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46, 3529-3614
The global energy transition is reshaping the way we move, placing sustainability, resilience, and innovation at the heart of transportation systems. As nations pursue aggressive decarbonization goals, the transport sector—traditionally a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions—is undergoing a fundamental transformation. Electric vehicles, renewable fuels, and smart infrastructure are emerging as critical enablers of this change. However, in regions where electrification is logistically or economically unviable, particularly in remote or far-flung areas, alternative pathways must be explored to ensure inclusive and sustainable mobility.
This session presents a futuristic and pragmatic concept: the reimagining of steam locomotion through modern, clean energy solutions. By utilizing biomass pellets, biogas, and green hydrogen—produced from biomass and biogas—as primary energy sources, steam engines can be revitalized as a viable and environmentally responsible mode of transportation in non-electrified regions. Unlike conventional steam technology, this next-generation system is designed for high thermal efficiency, low emissions, and operational adaptability.
Central to this model is the integration of solar energy for powering hydrogen generation and biogas compression units. Distributed renewable energy systems enable the production of green hydrogen and compressed biogas (CBG) locally, reducing reliance on centralized power grids. At strategic stops along the railway network, these fuels can be loaded onto trains via modular refueling infrastructure, minimizing downtime while supporting energy autonomy.
This innovative approach not only revives a proven mechanical platform—the steam engine—but also aligns with circular economy principles, using agricultural waste and organic residues to generate fuel. It offers a sustainable alternative to diesel locomotives and reduces dependency on complex and costly electrification projects.
The session will feature insights into the technology readiness of biomass-based fuels and hydrogen systems, policy mechanisms needed to support decentralized renewable energy production, and the design of modular, green refueling stations along rail corridors. Experts will also discuss case studies and modeling data that support the feasibility and scalability of such a solution.
By bridging historic mechanical ingenuity with modern clean energy strategies, this concept underscores how energy and mobility can intersect in novel ways to deliver inclusive, reliable, and sustainable transportation—especially in the last-mile and remote regions. As the world transitions to low-carbon systems, rethinking mobility through the lens of localized, renewable-driven innovation will be key to building a truly sustainable future.
This session presents a futuristic and pragmatic concept: the reimagining of steam locomotion through modern, clean energy solutions. By utilizing biomass pellets, biogas, and green hydrogen—produced from biomass and biogas—as primary energy sources, steam engines can be revitalized as a viable and environmentally responsible mode of transportation in non-electrified regions. Unlike conventional steam technology, this next-generation system is designed for high thermal efficiency, low emissions, and operational adaptability.
Central to this model is the integration of solar energy for powering hydrogen generation and biogas compression units. Distributed renewable energy systems enable the production of green hydrogen and compressed biogas (CBG) locally, reducing reliance on centralized power grids. At strategic stops along the railway network, these fuels can be loaded onto trains via modular refueling infrastructure, minimizing downtime while supporting energy autonomy.
This innovative approach not only revives a proven mechanical platform—the steam engine—but also aligns with circular economy principles, using agricultural waste and organic residues to generate fuel. It offers a sustainable alternative to diesel locomotives and reduces dependency on complex and costly electrification projects.
The session will feature insights into the technology readiness of biomass-based fuels and hydrogen systems, policy mechanisms needed to support decentralized renewable energy production, and the design of modular, green refueling stations along rail corridors. Experts will also discuss case studies and modeling data that support the feasibility and scalability of such a solution.
By bridging historic mechanical ingenuity with modern clean energy strategies, this concept underscores how energy and mobility can intersect in novel ways to deliver inclusive, reliable, and sustainable transportation—especially in the last-mile and remote regions. As the world transitions to low-carbon systems, rethinking mobility through the lens of localized, renewable-driven innovation will be key to building a truly sustainable future.
Athika Mattath
Speaker
Postdoctoral Fellow
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Li-air battery commercialization hinges on the development of a cost-effective and efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst and cycling stability. This work discussing about the role of Co nanoparticle, Pyrollytic N and Oxygen vacancy on the catalytic activity of Co/Co3O4/nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The performance of Co/Co3O4@NC (CCONC) as a cathode in nonaqueous Li-air battery was exhibited a high discharge capacity of 4228 mA h g-1 at a high current density of 100 mA g-1 with passable cycling stability as well as Columbic efficiency. However, the electrolyte evaporation and moisture uptake primarily hinders their practical applications. Thus, we demonstrate the development of cost-effective hybrid systems offers an alternative approach to extending the life span of Li-air batteries by reducing the clogging effect and also help to reduce the potential safety hazard of flammable electrolytes. The hybrid Li-air battery shows the capacity retention of 89%, which is much higher than that of the non-aqueous Li-air battery (80%) even after 100 cycles. For a practical demonstration, a Li-Air pouch cell was fabricated using the CCONC electrocatalyst, demostrated by powering decorating LEDs.
Co-author/s:
Dr. Firoz Khan, Research Scientist, KFUPM.
Dr. Perumal Elumalai, Professor, Pondicherry University.
Co-author/s:
Dr. Firoz Khan, Research Scientist, KFUPM.
Dr. Perumal Elumalai, Professor, Pondicherry University.
Energy is a primary need of global economy, and its demand is a significant indicator of expansion and growth of the economy. Energy systems have evolved over time due to technical ad-vancements, environmental concerns and cost apprehensions. Although fossil fuels still remain a major source of energy supply, significant strides have been made into new innovative and high-performance energy storage technologies. The focus has always been on improving the performance of the energy systems using novel Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is considered an im-portant choice. The CNTs are made using our proprietary novel process conditions employing highly active nano catalyst and low value refinery feed streams, by exploiting the advantage of invariably available intrinsic heteroatom molecules in the feedstock. The process is economical-ly attractive and easily scalable as it leads to highest CNT yields per quantity of the catalyst. CNTs made from our unique process displays robust mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. These properties make them integral part of energy storage domain. Presently, CNTs have been employed extensively for use in supercapacitors and batteries devices employed across a spectrum of applications requiring both high power and high energy outputs. Applications of CNTs in various battery chemistry were explored. CNTs in dispersed and dry state were used to compare the performance with control lead acid battery & Li-ion chemistry. Further functionalized CNTs were also tested to understand the impact of CNT functionalization in lead acid & Li-ion battery. Significant improvements were observed in the battery performance in terms of charge acceptance, high-rate discharge and cycle life. Additionally, CNTs were used in the Air-electrode of Aluminum & Zn-air battery and performance was compared with conventional carbon black based Air electrodes. Various parameters such as discharge voltage, current density and specific energy were compared. In summary, applications of CNTs extensively explored in various energy storage systems and its effect on performance is studied. Further, the benefits and cost analysis by CNTs addition carried out with feasibility at large scale applications is explored.
Shyamsher Saroj
Speaker
Research Manager
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research & Development Centre
India is committed towards the net zero emissions targets by 2070 and further, India is to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by more than 45 percent by 2030. Transportation accounts for around a quarter of global energy related CO2 emissions, while 70 percent of the direct transport emissions come from on-road vehicles which is cars, trucks, buses, two & three wheelers excluding the railways or the other mobility such as shipping / aviation. Use of alternative energy sources for transport sector either in the form of a replacement i.e., electric vehicles (EVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), or directly to IC (internal combustion) engine, the gap is still less because of the lower capital cost for on-road / off road IC based mobility options. The road transport is going to offer the biggest advantage in terms of cost reduction and that would be the trigger for scaling up of alternative fuel options rapidly for the country like India. Recently India has ventured in market with variety of fuel option for transport sectors like battery electric vehicles, ethanol blended gasoline, CNG (compresses natural gas), LNG (liquified natural gas), hydrogen fuel cell and hydrogen in internal combustion engine. There are three (03) critical evaluation parameters or factors which are identified for commercial adoption, termed as total cost of ownership (TCO) / net energy ratio (NER), infrastructure readiness, and emissions reduction. The present work has highlighted the evaluation parameters of various fuel technologies which are either matured (diesel / gasoline / CNG) or being under research, development, demonstration in India through various flagship & mission (LNG / H2ICE / HFCEVs). The comparative analysis of different alternate fuel powertrains for sustainability & future mobility options in India for heavy duty vehicle is based on the critical findings assessed from the experimental and market / government database tabulated against each fuel technology. The output parameters like TCO / NER and infrastructure readiness were provided from the market resources & government database while the emission output for each fuel technology was tabulated from the experimental results conducted in house with help of suitable test facilities. The weighing factor is provided to each output parameter for decisive & conclusive analysis. The present paper is highlighting the importance of multi-energy strategies with specific pathways for heavy duty vehicle segment, recognizing that different type of alternate fuel sources may require distinct technological solutions. Additionally, it may be concluded from the study that apart from the emission reduction strategies, the policy makers will also have to look upon reviving the key customer centric points which will be the enablers for adoption of alternative fuel towards the fulfilment of net zero goals of the country.
